a controversial argument, as one against some opinion, doctrine, etc.

a person who argues in opposition to another; controversialist.

Also, polemical. of or pertaining to a polemic; controversial.

noun

altercation , bicker , clash , contention , controversy , debate , difficulty , disagreement , dispute , fight , quarrel , run-in , spat , squabble , tiff , word , wrangle

adjective

combative , contentious , disputatious , eristic , litigious , polemical , quarrelsome , scrappy